| APA 6th ed. | APA 7th ed. |
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Pronouns: use of he/she or his/her for singular and they/their for plural.
Example: A person should enjoy his or her vacation.
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Pronouns: Singular pronoun "they/their" accepted. |
| Punctuation: One or two spaces after a period. | Example: A person should enjoy their vacation. |
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In-text citations: Sources with 2 authors, cite both. Sources with 3 authors and more: Name up to six authors the first time and use "et al." in subsequent citations.
Example (5 authors): First citation: (Shatona, Booysen, Claasen, Mwiiyale, & Titus, 2020) Subsequent citations: (Shatona et al., 2020) |
In text citations: Sources with 2 authors, cite both. Sources with 3 authors and more: Cite first author and use "et al." every time.
Example (5 authors): All in-text citations: (Shatona et al., 2020) |
*Note: Remember to format the References page double-spaced and with hanging indentation.
| APA 6th ed. | APA 7th ed. | |
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Books: Include Place of Publication and Publisher's name.
Example: Westover, T. (2018). Educated: A memoir. New York: Random House. |
Books: No place of publication.
Example: Westover, T. (2018). Educated: A memoir. Random House. |
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Articles with doi (digital object identifier) use "doi:"
Example: James-Kangal, N., & Whitton, S. W. (2019). Conflict management in emerging adults' “nonrelationships.” Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 8(2), 63–76. doi: 10.1037/cfp0000118
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Articles with doi (digital object identifier) use URL format:
Example: James-Kangal, N., & Whitton, S. W. (2019). Conflict management in emerging adults' “nonrelationships.” Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 8(2), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000118 |
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Articles without doi: link to journal's website needed.
Example: Millea, M., Wills, R., Elder, A., & Molina, D. (2018). What Matters in College Student Success? Education, 138(4), 309–322. Retrieved from: http://www.projectinnovation.com/education.html
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Articles without doi: NO link to journal's website needed. Treat as if print.
Example: Millea, M., Wills, R., Elder, A., & Molina, D. (2018). What matters in college student success? Education, 138(4), 309–322. |
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Web pages: Title of web page non-italics, name of website in italics.
Example:
O'Connor, A. (2016, Jul. 19). How the government supports your junk food habits. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/
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Web pages: Title of web page in italics, name of website non-italics.
Example:
O'Connor, A. (2016, Jul. 19). How the government supports your junk food habits. The New York Times. http://www.well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/ |
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Multiple authors: Materials with 3 to 7 authors: List all. Example (6 authors): Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
Materials with more than seven authors: List first six authors, ellipsis, and last one. Example (10 authors): Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335. |
Multiple authors: Materials with 3 to 20 authors: List all. Example (10 authors): Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., James, K., Smith, J., Robertson, M. & Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335.
Materials with 21 or more authors: List 19 authors, ellipsis and last one. Example (21 authors):
Alvarez, A. A., Brown, C. H., Charles, C., Diaz, D. M., Eastman, P. E., Frederick, L., Guateng, L. V., Henri, J. M., Irigoyen, A. I., Jones, J. L., Kafka, K. M., Lugones, L., Marinelli, M. M., Nguyen, T. B., O'Connor, M. O., Perez, A. P., Quispe, J. B., Rowland, R. J., San Martin, J. S., . . . Zapata, E. (2020). Effects of reading comprehension programs involving diverse literature in test scores. Journal of Innovative Education, 1(2): 35-48. |
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Web pages and web sites: Include "Retrieved from:" and the URL. Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think Age-positive. CNN. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life/index.html |
Web pages and web sites: Don't include "Retrieved from:" unless date of retrieval is needed. Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think Age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life/index.htm |
*Note: Remember to format the References page double-spaced and with hanging indentation.